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The research will focus on the fundamentals of non-equilibrium plasmas and their interaction with the surrounding media such as solids or liquids using spectroscopic techniques.

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Experimental Verification of Laminar Gas Flows and Localized Plasma-Induced Perturbations in a Microcavity Plasma Array

Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs), and in particular microcavity plasma arrays (MCPAs), represent a promising reactor platform for plasma-catalytic studies, as they allow plasma generation directly at catalytic surfaces, thereby providing direct access to the investigation of plasma–surface interactions. In addition to fundamental plasma parameters such as electric fields and species densities, the gas flow through the reactor plays a crucial role in the process. It directly determines the effective treatment time and volume, while the underlying flow dynamics govern the transport of plasma-generated species such as reactive molecules and atoms. Besides the reactor geometry, the discharge itself may influence the flow through induced forces, potentially generating vortices and enhancing mixing, which could improve conversion efficiency. While complex flow fields may be desirable for maximizing process efficiency, research reactors such as the MCPA benefit from predictable transport conditions when the primary objective is the study of plasma–surface interactions. In this study, the flow dynamics within an MCPA reactor are investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV) in helium. Spatially and temporally resolved measurements are used to analyze the influence of the plasma discharge on the gas flow. The results show that the discharge can exert a measurable influence on the flow field; however, this effect is spatially confined to a region within approximately 0.5 mm distance from the electrode and is most pronounced during the ignition phase of the discharge. During steady-state operation, the plasma has no significant impact on the overall flow behavior. Under these conditions, the velocity field can be described by a classical laminar Poiseuille profile.

FieldValue
Publisher
Authors
Release Date
2026-05-06
Identifier
9d37e5a9-84e3-4943-9acc-31afbde8552a
Permanent Identifier (URI)
Is supplementing
Plasma Source Name
Plasma Source Application
Plasma Source Specification
Plasma Source Properties
The driving voltage waveform is generated by a function generator (Tektronix AFG 3021B) and amplified using a high-voltage amplifier (Trek Model PZD700A M/S). In this study, a bipolar ramp voltage with a peak-to-peak voltage of 1200 V at a frequency of 15 kHz is applied.
Language
English (United States)
Plasma Source Procedure
The reactor was first operated until the steady-state temperature was reached, ensuring thermal equilibrium. Subsequently, the reactor was switched off for a maximum of 30 seconds to introduce the seeding particles and prepare the experiments. The downtime was minimized in all cases to allow the measurements to start as close as possible to the steady-state temperature. Overall, temperature deviations of less than 5 K relative to the respective steady-state equilibrium temperature were observed throughout the experimental campaign.
License
License Not Specified
Plasma Medium Name
Plasma Medium Properties
helium flow rate (100 sccm – 2 slm) + DEHS aerosol mixture
Plasma Medium Procedure
The aerosol is generated using an aerosol generator (LaVision GmbH, Germany), which is typically operated with compressed air. However, since a controlled and pure helium gas flow is required in this study, a dedicated mixing system was developed. The aerosol generator is directly supplied with helium, producing a helium–DEHS aerosol mixture. This mixture is directed via a valve into a pre-mixing chamber. The outlet of the chamber is initially closed, allowing a slight overpressure to build up, which can be regulated by a pressure relief valve. Once the chamber is filled, the connection to the aerosol generator is interrupted by closing a valve. For the PIV measurement, a desired helium flow rate (100 sccm – 2 slm) is set using a mass flow controller (MKS MFC GE50A). When the valve toward the reactor is opened, a controlled helium flow passes through the pre-mixing chamber and entrains the generated aerosol into the reactor. For the operating conditions used in this work, the amount of seeding stored in the pre-mixing chamber is sufficient to sustain PIV measurements for up to five minutes, which is more than adequate compared to typical measurement times of only a few seconds.
Contact Name
Steuer, David
Contact Email
Plasma Diagnostic Properties
For PIV diagnostics, a laser (Coherent Verdi V6, 532 nm) with an output power of 6 W is used. The laser beam is shaped using a slit aperture and subsequently guided through the reactor by means of a mirror before being terminated in a beam dump. The slit is adjusted such that the laser sheet has a width of approximately 0.5 mm in the x-direction and a height of approximately 2.5mm in the z-direction. The laser is operated with active cooling (Coherent ThermoTek T255P). A high speed camera (Phantom Veo 410L) is used for image acquisition and is equipped with a long-distance microscope (KX InfiniMax, MX-6), enabling high resolution imaging of the seeded flow. The camera is positioned to view the region between the metal grid and the quartz cover from the side, and it is aligned at a right angle to the laser sheet. Based on the camera’s field of view (FOV), the position of the laser sheet, and the seeding distribution, an elliptically shaped region of interest is defined for the PIV evaluation. The spatial resolution is approximately 5.76µm\pixel and is calibrated using a millimeter scale placed at the position of the laser sheet plane, when the laser was turned off. The effective measurement region is thus restricted to the illuminated section of the flow, with its extent defined by the intersection of the laser sheet and the camera field of view. The final vector field resolution depends on the chosen interrogation window size and overlap during PIV processing, while the minimum feasible window size is mainly constrained by the seeding density and the frame rate. In Particle Image Velocimetry, the displacement of particle patterns between two consecutive images is determined by applying cross-correlation on small interrogation windows to obtain the local velocity field. The temporal separation between the image pairs was set to Delta t = 118.8µs (8420 fps) for a flow rate of 2000sccm and Delta t = 188.79 µs (5297 fps) for all lower gas flow rates. Operating the camera at the high frame rate of 8420fps leads to a reduction of the image resolution from 1280 x 800 pixel to 1152x 552 pixel. Under discharge operation, the resulting particle image displacements satisfied in this way for all flow rates the so-called one-quarter criterion, i.e., the particle displacement between consecutive frames remained approximately four times smaller than the corresponding interrogation window size. Fulfilling this condition reduces in-plane loss of particle pairs and thereby improves the robustness and accuracy of the cross-correlation analysis. The PIV evaluation was conducted using the software DaVis (Version~10, LaVision GmbH, Germany). Spatial calibration was performed at the beginning of each measurement series by placing a millimeter scale in the plane of the laser light sheet, enabling the determination of the calibration factor.
Public Access Level
Public
Plasma Diagnostic Name
Funding Agency
Project
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Data and Resources

Project Contact Name: 
Golda, Judith